GWERS 11

CYFLWYNYDD:   ANN M. JONES

NOD:	Disgrifio lleoedd.

	Geirfa

		prydferth			-	beautiful			mynyddig			-	mountainous
		gwledig				-	rural				trefol					-	urban
		diwydiannol		-	industrial		amaethyddol		-	agricultural
		gwlyb				-	wet				sych					-	dry
		creigiog				-	rocky				caregog				-	stony
		ffrwythlon			-	fertile				bras					-	fertile
            gwych				-	wonderful		gwael				-	poor
		pell					-	far				agos					-	near
		serth					-	steep				coediog				-	wooded
		hardd				-	lovely			prif					-	main
		
		glan (y) m™r			-	seaside			llawr gwlad			-	valley floor
		cefn gwlad			-	countryside			
									  (hinterland)	
	
		golygfa (b)			-	view			bryn(iau)				-	hill(s)
		golygfeydd			-	views			tir(oedd)				-	land(s)
		coedwig(oedd) (b)	-	forest			dyffryn(noedd)		-	valley(s)
		cwm					-	narrow 		cymoedd			-	valleys
									  valley
		lle(oedd)				-	place(s)		ynys(oedd) (b)		-	island(s)
		dinas(oedd) (b)		-	city (cities)	pont(ydd) (b)		-	bridge(s)
		diwydiant			-	industry		anialwch				-	desert
		llosgfynydd			-	volcano		amaethyddiaeth	-	agriculture
		tlodi					-	poverty		uchafbwynt			-	high spot

		rhywfaint o			-	some 			cynhaliaeth (b)		-	source of support
		
		newid				-	to change	tyfu					-	to grow
		glasu					-	to green up	denu 					-	to attract
		creu					-	to create																						

RHAN 1

	1.	Pa fath o.....?	-	What kind of.....?

			Pa fath o wlad ydy'r 'Swistir?
			-  What kind of country is Switzerland?

			Pa fath o le ydy Anialwch y Sahara?
			-   What kind of place is the Sahara Desert?

		Notice the Soft Mutation after 'o'

			gwlad	-	o wlad				
			lle			-	o le

	2.	Pa fath ar.....?	-	What kind of.....?

		This is a variation, just as 'What sort of?' is a variation in English
		
			Pa fath ar dref ydy Wolverhampton?
			-  What kind of town is Wolverhampton?

			Pa fath ar wlad ydy'r Alban?
			-  What kind of country is Scotland?

		Notice again the Soft Mutation after 'ar'

			tref		-	ar dref
			gwlad	-	ar wlad

	3.	It is also possible to use  'Sut?'  to ask the same question

		When 'Sut?' is placed in front of a verb it means 'How?'

			Sut rwyt ti?					-			How are you?
			Sut teithiodd y plant?		-			How did the children travel?
			Sut torraist ti dy goes?		-			How did you breakypur leg?

		But when it is placed in front of a noun it means 'What kind of..?'

			Sut dref?						-			What kind of town?
			Sut le?						-			What kind of place?
			Sut wlad?					-			What kind of country?

			Sut wlad ydy Cymru?
			-  What kind of country is Wales? 
		
			Sut le ydy Efrog Newydd?
			-  What kind of place is New York?
		
			Sut dref ydy Paris ?
			-  What kind if town is Paris?

		Once again, notice the Soft Mutation after 'Sut?'

			gwlad		-	Sut wlad?
			lle				-	Sut le?
			tref			-	Sut dref?

	4.	Possible answers would be

			Mae hi'n fynyddig iawn.
			-  It is very mountainous.

			Mae Wolverhampton yn (dref) ddiwydiannol.
			-  Wolverhampton is (an) industrial (town).

			Roedd hi'n ffrwythlon iawn.
			-  It was very fertile.

	5.	cwm	-	a narrow valley					dyffryn	-	a broad valley

			Cwm Rhondda;  Cwm Rhymni;  Cwm Tawe;  Cwm Cynon;  Cwm Pennant.

			Dyffryn Clwyd;  Dyffryn Conwy;  Dyffryn Tywi;  Dyffryn Dyfi; 

			Mae llawer o bobl yn byw yng Nghymoedd y De.
			-  Many people live in the South Wales Valleys.

			Mae'r cwm yn gul.
			-  The valley is narrow.

			Mae'r dyffryn yn llydan ac yn ffrwythlon.
			-  The valley is broad and fertile.

											
	6.	bras	-	fertile

			Mae tir bras yn Nyffryn Conwy.
			-  There is fertile land in the Conwy Valley.

RHAN 2

	1. 	Repeating the adjective to convey 'very'

			Pa fath o wlad ydy/yw Luxembourg?
			-  Mae hi'n fach, fach.

			Pa fath ar wlad ydy/yw Ethiopia?
			-   Mae hi'n sych, sych, sych.	

			Sut ddinas ydy/yw Tokyo?
			-  Mae hi'n fawr, fawr, fawr.

	2.	There are many ways of conveying 'extremely' in Welsh, just as there are
		in English. As you will see there are subtle differences in meaning.

			(a)	yn arbennig o	-	extermely   (especially)
				
						Mae Chicago yn arbennig o wyntog.
						-  Chicago is extremely windy. 

			(b)	yn hynod o		-	extremely   (remarkably)

						Mae Sweden yn hynod o goediog.
						-  Sweden is extremely wooded.

			(c)		yn eithriadol o	-	extremely   (exceptionally)

						Mae'r Yswistir yn eithriadol o fynyddig.
						-  Switzerland is extremely mountainous.

			(ch)	yn aruthrol o	-	extremely   (enormously)

						Mae San Fransisco yn aruthrol o fawr.
						-  San Fransisco is extremely big.

			(d)	yn....tu hwnt	-	extremely   (exceedingly)

						Roedd y daith yn flinedig tu hwnt.
						-  The journey was extremely tiring.
												  
			(dd)	yn...dros ben	-	extremely   (very)

						Roedd y ffilm yn dda dros ben.
						-  The film was extremely good.

	3.	Pa mor + adjective...	-	How...?

			Pa mor sych ydy Ethiopia?
			-  How dry is Ethiopia?

			Pa mor bell ydy Los Angeles o San Fransisco?
			-  How far is Los Angeles from San Fransisco?

			Pa mor greigiog ydy tir Sbaen?
			-  How rocky is the land in Spain?

			Pa mor wlyb yw Cymru yn y gaeaf?
			-  How wet is Wales in winter?

		Notice the Soft Mutation after 'Pa mor?'

			creigiog	-	Pa mor greigiog?
			gwlyb	-	Pa mor wlyb?
			pell		-	Pa mor bell?

RHAN 3

	1	 onid ydy (yw).....?		-		Isn't / Aren't...?

			On'd ydy Llandudno'n wyntog?  -  Ydy, wir.
			-  Isn't llandudno windy?  -  Yes, indeed.

			On'd ydy Dyffryn Clwyd yn brydferth?
			-  Isn't the Vale of Clwyd beautiful?

			On'd yw Llundain yn brysur?
			-  Isn't London busy?

			On'd ydy Caerdydd yn newid?
			-  Isn't Cardiff changing?

	2.	onid ydy (yw)..... wedi.....?		-		Hasn't / Haven't...?

			On'd ydy 'Cwm Rhondda wedi glasu?
			-  Hasn't the Rhondda Valley greened up?

			On'd ydy Caernarfon wedi newid ar ™l adeiladu'r ffordd newydd?
			-  Hasn't Caernarfon changed after building the new road?

	3.	onid oedd.....?		-		Wasn't / Weren't...?

			On'd oedd Madrid yn boeth?  -  Oedd, ofnadwy.
			-  Wasn't Madrid hot?  -  Yes, terribly.

			On'd oedd hi'n oer yn Alaska?
			-  Wasn't it cold in Alaska?

			On'd oedd y tir yn ffrwythlon / fras?
			-  Wasn't the land fertile?

	4.	onid oedd..... wedi.....?		-		Hadn't.....?

			On'd oedd Torremolinos wedi tyfu?  -  Oedd.
			-  Hadn't Torremolinos grown?  -  Yes.

			On'd oedd y plant wedi tyfu?  -  Oedden, wir.
			-  Hadn't the children grown?  -  Yes, indeed. 

	5.	Idiomau a dywediadau

			y nesaf peth i ddim		-		next to nothing
			dim byd o werth			-		nothing of any significance
			does dim dau				-		there's no doubt
													there are no two ways about it

	6.	Diarhebion

			Eang yw'r byd i bawb.
			-  The world is a wide parish.

			Llwm tir a bobo dafad.
			-  Bare is the land where sheep graze.

			Da cael ynys mewn m™r mawr.
			-  It is good to find an island in an ocean.