GWERS 13

CYFLWYNYDD:   CENNARD DAVIES

NOD:	Trafod rhywbeth sydd wedi digwydd - a dysgu sut i adrodd 				yn ™l.

	Geirfa

		damwain (b)	-	accident			cyfeiriad			-	direction
		niwed			-	harm, injury	olew				-	oil
		olwyn lywio (b)	-	steering wheel	canolfan (b)		-	centre
		trawiad ar y 	-	heart attack		hanes			-	story
		  galon									ysbyty			-	hospital
		gyrrwr			-	driver

		gwrthdaro ‰		-	to collide with	achosi			-	to cause
		adfywio			-	to resuscitate	cyfweld ‰		-	to interview
		digwydd			-	to happen		gwyro			-	to swerve
		colli'r bws		-	to miss the bus	gwella			- 	to improve, get better

		heibio			-	past				ar hyd			-	along
		ger				-	near				yn ymyl			-	near
		ar draws			-	across			

		yn iawn			-	right

RHAN 1

	1.	bod.....     -       that ...... 

			(a)	 Maen nhw'n dweud bod olew ar y ffordd.
					-  They say that there is oil on the road.

					Mae John yn meddwl bod lori wedi gwrthdaro ‰ char.
					-  John thinks that a lorry has collided with a car.

					Rydw i'n meddwl bod un dyn wedi mynd i'r ysbyty.
					-  I think that one man has gone to hospital.

					Mae Tom yn dweud bod y gyrrwr yn yr ysbyty.
					-  Tom says that the driver is in hospital.

			(b)	Roedd Tom yn meddwl bod y gyrrwr yn iawn.
					-  Tom thought that the driver was alright.	

					Roedden nhw'n meddwl bod y ddamwain yn ddrwg.
					-  They thought that the accident was bad.

			(c)		Fe glywais i fod olew ar y ffordd.
					-  Iheard that there was oil on the road.

					Fe/Mi ddywedodd hi fod damwain yn y dre'.
					-  She said that there was an accident in the town.

			'bod' undergoes a Soft Mutation after a short form verb (i.e when an 				 ending is added to the root of the verb).

			Notice that there is no need to translate 'is / are' or 'was / were' in the
			second half of the sentence. The verb is incorporated in the word 'bod'.

	2.	The personal forms of 'bod'

		used to introduce the Present and Imperfect (was/were) tenses.

			(fy) mod i'n			-	that I am / was
			dy fod ti'n			-	that you are / were
			ei fod e (o)'n			-	that he is / was
			ei bod hi'n			-	that she is / was
			ein bod ni'n			-	that we are / were
			eich bod chi'n		-	that you are / were
			eu bod nhw'n		-	that they are / were																						
				
				Fe glywais i ei fod e'n gyrru'n rhy gyflym.
				-  I heard that he was driving too fast. 
		
				Roedden nhw'n dweud (fy) mod i'n iawn.
				-  They were saying that I was correct / right.

				Mi ddywedodd hi eu bod nhw'n gwella.
				-  She said that they were getting better.

	3.		fy mod i wedi		-	that I have / had
			dy fod ti wedi		-	that you have / had
			ei fod e (o) wedi	-	that he has / had
			ei bod hi wedi		-	that she has / had
			ein bod ni wedi		-	that we have / had
			eich bod chi wedi	-	that you have / had	
			eu bod nhw wedi	-	that they have / had

				Fe glywais i ei fod e wedi cael trawiad ar y galon.
				-  I heard that he had had a heart attack.

				'Dw i'n meddwl ei bod hi wedi marw.
				-  I think that she has died.

RHAN 2

	1.	y	-	that.......will (be)

		used to introduce the Future tenses 

		(a) Long Form 	

				y bydda(f) i'n		-	that I will be
				y byddi di'n			-	that you'll be
				y bydd e (o) / hi'n	-	that he / she'll be
				y byddwn ni'n		- 	that we'll be
				y byddwch chi'n	-	that you'll be
				y byddan nhw'n	-	that they'll be

					'Dw in gwybod y byddan nhw yno.
					-  I know that they'll be there.

					Mae Tom yn dweud y bydd Si‰n yn yr ysbyty am fis.
					-  Tom says that Si‰n will be in hospital for a month.

					Wyt ti'n meddwl y byddi di'n gallu dod i'r parti?
					-  Do you think that you will be able to (can) come to the party?

		(b) Short form

				y gwela(f) i			- 	that I'll see
				y clywi di			-	that you'll hear	
				y taliff e (o) / hi		-	that he / she'll pay
				y ffoniwn ni			-	that we'll telephone
				y prynwch chi		-	that you'll buy
				y gwellan nhw		-	that they'll get better

					Maen nhw'n gwybod y tala' i am y tocynnau.
					-  Thwy know that I'll pay for the tickets.

					Fe ddywedodd Mair y gweliff hi ni yn y dre'.
					-  Mair said that she'll see us in town.

	2. 	y    -     that......would....

		used to introduce the Conditional tenses		
	
			y baswn i		-	that I would be
			y baset ti			-	that you'd be
			y basai e (o) / hi	-	that he / she'd be
			y basen ni		-	that we'd be
			y basech chi		-	that you'd be
			y basen nhw	-	that they'd be

				Roeddwn i'n credu y basai damwain.
				-  I thought that there would be an accident.

				Roedd Tom yn meddwl y baset ti'n hwyr.
				-  Tom thought that you'd be late.

	3	Ffurfiau negyddol	-	negative forms.

		Notice how 'na ' becomes 'nad' in front of a vowel

		(a)	Present and Imperfect

					(fy) mod i		-	nad ydw/oeddwn i
					dy fod ti			-	nad wyt/oeddet ti
					ei fod e (o)		-	nad ydy/oedd e (o)
					bod Tom			-	nad ydy Tom
					ei bod hi			-	nad ydy/oedd hi

					ein bod ni		-	nad ydyn/oedden ni
					eich bod chi		-	nad ydych/oeddech chi
					eu bod nhw		-	nad ydyn/oedden nhw

						Fe ddywedodd e ei fod e'n dod.

						-  He said that he was coming.
						Fe ddywedodd e nad oedd e'n dod.
						-  He sai that he wasn't coming.

						'Dw i'n siùr eu bod nhw wedi mynd.
						-  I'm sure that they have gone.
						'Dw i'n siùr nad ydyn nhw wedi mynd.
						-  I'm sure that they haven't gone.

		(b)	Future Tense  ( Long form )

				Notice the Soft Mutation after 'na'

					y bydda'  i		   -		 na fydda' i     	   
					y byddi di	  	   -		 na fyddi di		   
					y bydd e/hi	  	   -		 na fydd e/hi          
					y byddwn ni   	   -		 na fyddwn ni	   
					y byddwch chi	   - 	 na fyddwch chi    
					y byddan nhw 	   -		 na fyddan nhw    		

						Mae e'n dweud y bydd e allan.
						-  He says that he will be out.
						Mae e'n dweud na fydd e allan.
						-  He says that he won't be out.

						Rydyn ni'n gwybod y byddan nhw yn y parc.
						-  We know that they'll be in the park.
						Rydyn ni'n gwybod na fyddan nhw yn y parc.
						-  We know hat they won't be in the park. 

		(c)		Future tense  (Short form)

				Notice the Soft Mutation after 'na'  -  except with the consonants
				c,p,and t which undergo an Aspirate Mutation  (c > ch;  p > ph;
				t > th ).

					y gwela' i 		-		na wela' i
					y clywi di		-		na chlywi di
					y taliff e/hi		-		na thaliff e/hi
					y prynwn ni		-		na phrynwn ni
					y ffoniwch chi	-		na ffoniwch chi
					y gwellan nhw	-		na wellan nhw

						'Dw i'n gwybod y gwela' i hi yfory.
						-  I know that I shall see her tomorrow.
						'Dw i'n gwybod na wela' i hi yfory.
						-  I know that I won't see her tomorrow. 

						Fe ddywedodd Tom y pryniff e gar newydd y mis nesa'.
						-  Tom said that he'll buy a new car next month.
						Fe ddywedodd Tom na phryniff e gar newydd y mis nesa'.
						-  Tom said that he won't buy a new car next month.

		(ch)	Conditional

					y baswn i	   	- 	      na faswn i
					y baset ti	   	      -  		na faset ti
					y basai e/hi    	-  		na fasai e/hi

					y basen ni	   	-  		na fasen ni
					y basech chi    	-  		na fasech chi
					y basaen nhw 	-  		na fasen nhw

						Fe ddywedoch chi y basech chi'n dod.
						-  You said that you would  come.
						Fe ddywedoch chi na fasech chi'n dod.
						-  You said that you wouldn't come.

RHAN 3

	1.	newydd  	-	just

			Mae damwain wedi digwydd.
			-  An accident has happened.
			Mae damwain newydd ddigwydd.
			- An accident has just happened.

			Roedd e wedi marw.
			-  He had died.
			Roedd e newydd farw.
			- He had just died.

		Notice that 'newydd' takes the place of 'wedi'. It causes a Soft Mutaion.													

	2.	mor + adjective	   -	    so

			Mae'r ffordd mor brysur.
			- The road is so busy.

			Roedd y gwaith mor drwm.
			- The work was so heavy.

		Notice that  'mor' causes a Soft Mutation.

	3.	Idiomau a dywediadau

			fel mae'n digwydd			-	as it happens
			fel arfer						-	as usual
			gwneud eu gorau glas		-	to do their level best
			gwnwud fy ngorau glas	-	to do my level best
			gwneud ei gorau glas		-	to do her level best
			yn y fan a'r lle				-	on the spot
			yn ™l							-	according to

	4.	Dihareb

			Mwya'r brys, mwya'r rhwystr.
			- More haste, less speed.
			  (The more the haste, the more the hindrance).