GWERS 19

CYFLWYNYDD:    CENNARD DAVIES

NOD:      S™n am bethau rydyn ni'n arfer eu gwneud.

	Geirfa

	dal i	-	to continue to	cas‡u		-	to hate, loath
	cyrraedd	-	to arrive at, reach	arfer (Imperfect)	-	to be used to
	colli	-	to lose	arfer (Present)		-	usually
	codi	-	to get up	priodi		-	to marry
	gadael	-	to leave	smwddio		-	to iron
	cloi	-	to lock	ysmygu		-	to smoke
	
	Sbaeneg (b)	-	Spanish	Almaeneg (b)		-	German
	Cymraeg (b)	-	Welsh	Saesneg (b)		-	English
	Lladin (b)	-	Latin	Ffrangeg (b)		-	French
	
	fferm (b)	-	farm	gwyliau		-	holidays
	modryb (b)	-	aunt	pynciau		-	subjects
	hwyl	-	fun	sbort		-	fun
	
	pan	-	when	bron (yn...)		-	almost
	minnau/finnau	-	I/me too	weithiau		-	sometimes
	sengl	-	single

	yn ddieithriad	-	without exception
	fel arfer	-	usually, as usual
	anarferol	-	unusual
	arfer da	-	a good habit
	arfer drwg	-	a bad habit

RHAN 1		

	1.	dal i	-	to continue to, still

		Remember the e Soft Mutation in the verb which follows 'dal i'

		Wyt ti'n dal i chwarae golff?
		- Do you still play golf?

               	 Roedd e'n dal i fyw yno.
		-  He was still living there / He still lived there.

		Mae e'n dal i weithio.
		-  He's still working.

		Wyt ti'n dal i ddysgu Sbaeneg?  -  Ydw!
		-  Are you still learning Spanish?  -  Yes! 

	2.	arfer	-	used to

		When used with Imperfect Tense.

		Roeddwn i'n arfer hoffi Lladin.
		- I used to like Latin.

		Roedden nhw'n arfer cas‡u gemau.
		- They used to hate games.

		Oeddet ti'n arfer dysgu Almaeneg yn yr ysgol?  -  Nac oeddwn!
		-  Did you used to learn German in school?  -  No!
														Oedden nhw'n arfer gweithio yma?
		-  Did they used to work here?

		Doeddet ti ddim yn arfer ysmygu.
		- You didn't used to smoke.

RHAN 2

	1.	 arfer     -	usually

		 When used with Present Tense

			Mae Dafydd yn arfer mynd i'r gwely tua 7 o'r gloch.
			-  Dafydd usually goes to bed about 7 o'clock.

		Ydy e'n arfer mynd i'r capel?
		- Does he usually go to chapel?

		'Dw i ddim yn arfer cael cig moch i frecwast.
		- I don't usually have bacon for breakfast.

		Pryd rwyt ti'n arfer mynd i siopa?
		-  When do you usually go shopping?

		Beth mae Daniel yn arfer (ei) gael i de?
		-  What does Daniel usually have for tea?

	2.	bron	-	almost

		Roeddwn i'n chwarae rygbi bron bob (dydd) Sadwrn.
		-  I played rugby almost every Saturday.

		Maen nhw'n mynd i'r theatr bron bob mis.
		-  They go to the theatre almost every month.

  		'Dw i'n siarad tipyn bach o Gymraeg bron bob dydd.
		-  I speak a little bit of Welsh almost every day.

		It is possible to place 'bron' at the end of the sentence, of course.

			Roeddwn i'n chwarae rygbi bob (dydd) Sadwrn, bron.
			Maen nhw'n mynd i'r theatr bob mis, bron.
			'Dw i'n siarad tipyn bach o Gymraeg bob dydd, bron.

	bron yn ddieithriad	-	almost without exception
	
		Roedden nhw'n mynd i Ffrainc ar eu gwyliau, bron yn ddieithriad.
		- They went to France on holiday, almost without exception.

	3.	pan	-       when 

	Conjunction or joining word  (not the 'When?' which asks a question  -  'Pryd?')

		Roedd e'n arfer canu, pan oedd e'n ifanc.
		-  He used to sing, when he was young.

		Ble roeddech chi'n arfer gweithio, pan oeddech chi'n ugain oed?
		-  Where did you used to work, when you were twenty  (years of age)?

	
		Pan o'n i yn yr ysgol, ro'n i'n arfer hoffi chwarae hoci.
		-  When I was in school, I used to like playing hockey.

		Pan oedd hi'n sengl, roedd hi'n arfer mynd i ddawnsio.
		-  When she was single, she used to go dancing.

RHAN 3

	1.	cyn	  -	before		ar ™l	   -        after

		'cyn' and 'ar ™l' are followed by the preposition 'i'

		cyn / ar ™l i fi			cyn / ar ™l i ni
		cyn / ar ™l i ti			cyn / ar ™l i chi
		cyn / ar ™l i Tom/Mair		cyn / ar ™l iddyn nhw
		cyn / ar ™l iddo fe (fo)
		cyn / ar ™l iddi hi

		This pattern is  followed immediately by the verb-noun (which undergoes a 
		Soft Mutation)

			cyn iddi hi briodi	ar ™l i chi fynd
			cyn i ni ddarllen	ar ™l iddyn nhw brynu

	In Welsh, both 'cyn' and 'ar  ™l' can convey the  Past Tense and the Present 	Tense. The second half of the sentence will show quite clearly what tense is 	used. 

		cyn / ar ™l i fi fynd		-	before / after I go
						-	before / after I went
		cyn / ar ™l iddi hi ddod	-	before / after she comes
						-	before / after she came

		Fe ddarllena' i'r papur, cyn i fi fynd i'r gwely.
		-  I'll read the paper, before I go to bed.

		Fe ddarllenais i'r papur, cyn i fi fynd i'r gwely.
		I read the paper, before I went to bed,

		Cyn i fi briodi, roeddwn i'n (arfer) gweithio yn Wrecsam.
		-  Before I married, I used to work in Wrexham.

		Ar ™l iddo fe fynd, fe edrychwn ni ar y teledu.
		-  After he goes, we'll look at the television.

	The word order can vary

		Fe gloion nhw'r drws, cyn iddyn nhw adael.
		- They locked the door, before they left.

							
	2.	gwrando ar       -       to listen to

		The root or stem of 'gwrando' is a little irregular.

				gwrando	-	gwrandaw-

			Fe wrandawodd hi ar y radio, ar ™l iddi hi godi.
			-  She listened to the radio, after she got up.

	3.	Idiomau a dywediadau

		Beth arall?				-	What else?
		tipyn o hwyl/sbort			-	a lot of fun
		roedd hynny'n sbort/hwyl	-	that was fun
		Dyna beth od!			-	How strange!

	4.	Diarhebion	

		Arfer yw hanner y gwaith.
		-  Practise is half the work.

		Arfer yw mam pob meistrolaeth.
		-  Practice is the mother of every mastery.